Daily Dino Guy Book References

Surviving Climate & Chaos References

Access my full reference list broken down by chapter and data collected below ⤵️

Chapter 1 - The End of the World

Chapter 1 References

Amalitzky, Vladimir. "Diagnoses of the New Forms of Vertebrates and Plants from the Upper Permian on North Dvina." Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie, vol. 16, no. 6, 1922, pp. 329–340.

"Amazon Rainforest." Britannica.com, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 30 May 2024.

Angielczyk, Kenneth D., and Christian F. Kammerer. "Non-Mammalian Synapsids: The Deep Roots of the Mammalian Family Tree." Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics, edited by Frank Zachos and Robert Asher, De Gruyter, 2018, pp. 117–198. doi:10.1515/9783110341553-005.

Antón, Mauricio. Sabertooth. Indiana University Press, 2013.

Benoit, Julien, Christian F. Kammerer, Kathleen Dollman, David P. Groenewald, and Roger M. H. Smith. "Did Gorgonopsians Survive the End-Permian 'Great Dying'? A Re-Appraisal of Three Gorgonopsian Specimens (Therapsida, Theriodontia) Reported from the Triassic Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 638, 15 Mar. 2024, article 112044. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112044. Accessed 21 May 2024 via Elsevier Science Direct.

Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3rd ed., Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

Benton, Michael J., et al. "The Early Origin of Feathers." Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 34, no. 9, 2019, pp. 856–869. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018.

Boretti, Alberto. "Reassessing the Cooling That Followed the 1991 Volcanic Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, vol. 256, 2024, article 106187. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106187.

Brocklehurst, Robert J., Emma R. Schachner, Jonathan R. Codd, and William I. Sellers. "Respiratory Evolution in Archosaurs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 375, 2020, article 20190140. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0140.

Brusatte, Stephen L., Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, and Richard J. Butler. "Footprints Pull Origin and Diversification of Dinosaur Stem Lineage Deep into Early Triassic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 278, no. 1708, 7 Apr. 2011, pp. 1107–1113. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1746. PMC 3049033. PMID 20926435.

Cope, Edward Drinker. "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 14, no. 1, 1869, pp. 1–252. doi:10.2307/1005355. hdl:2027/nyp.33433090912423. JSTOR 1005355.

Cui, Y., M. Li, E. E. van Soelen, F. Peterse, and W. M. Kürschner. "Massive and Rapid Predominantly Volcanic CO₂ Emission During the End-Permian Mass Extinction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 37, 2021, e2014701118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014701118.

Floudas, Dimitrios, et al. "The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes." Science, vol. 336, no. 6089, 2012, pp. 1715–1719. doi:10.1126/science.1221748.

Foulger, G. R. Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Gauthier, J. A. "The Diversification of the Amniotes." Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution, edited by D. R. Prothero and R. M. Schoch, The Paleontological Society, 1994, pp. 129–159.

Gower, D. J., and M. Wilkinson. "Is There Any Consensus on Basal Archosaur Phylogeny?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 263, no. 1375, 1996, pp. 1399–1406. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0205.

Gower, David John. "Osteology of the Early Archosauriform Reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom." Annals of the South African Museum, vol. 110, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–88.

Ji, Qiang, Zhe-Xi Luo, Chong-Xi Yuan, and Alan R. Tabrum. "A Swimming Mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and Ecomorphological Diversification of Early Mammals." Science, vol. 311, no. 5764, 2006, pp. 1123–1127. doi:10.1126/science.1123026.

Judd, E. J., et al. "Science." Science, vol. 385, 2024, eadk3705. doi:10.1126/science.adk3705.

Kaiho, Kunio, Md Aftabuzzaman, David S. Jones, and Li Tian. "Pulsed Volcanic Combustion Events Coincident with the End-Permian Terrestrial Disturbance and the Following Global Crisis." Geology, vol. 49, no. 3, 2020, pp. 289–293. doi:10.1130/G48022.1.

Looy, C. V., W. A. Brugman, D. L. Dilcher, and H. Visscher. "The Delayed Resurgence of Equatorial Forests After the Permian-Triassic Ecologic Crisis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 96, 1999, pp. 13857–13862.

Liu, Jun, Fernando Abdala, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, and Christian A. Sidor. "Tetrapod Turnover During the Permo-Triassic Transition Explained by Temperature Change." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 224, Jan. 2022, article 103886. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103886.

Nesbitt, S. J., M. C. Langer, and M. D. Ezcurra. "The Anatomy of Asilisaurus kongwe, a Dinosauriform from the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (~Middle Triassic) of Africa." The Anatomical Record, vol. 303, no. 4, 2019, pp. 813–873. doi:10.1002/ar.24287.

NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. "About the Global Monitoring Laboratory." NOAA, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about.html. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.

Macdonald, F. A., et al. "Arc-Continent Collisions in the Tropics Set Earth’s Climate State." Science, vol. 364, 2019, pp. 181–184. doi:10.1126/science.aav5300.

McGraw, Z., K. DallaSanta, L. M. Polvani, K. Tsigaridis, C. Orbe, and S. E. Bauer. "Severe Global Cooling After Volcanic Super-Eruptions? The Answer Hinges on Unknown Aerosol Size." Journal of Climate, vol. 37, 2024, pp. 1449–1464. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0116.1.

Müller, Rodrigo Temp. "A New 'Silesaurid' from the Oldest Dinosauromorph-Bearing Beds of South America Provides Insights into the Early Evolution of Bird-Line Archosaurs." Gondwana Research, vol. 137, 2024, pp. 13–28 (in press). doi:10.1016/j.gr.2024.09.007.

Parker, D. E., H. Wilson, P. D. Jones, J. R. Christy, and C. K. Folland. "The Impact of Mount Pinatubo on Worldwide Temperatures." International Journal of Climatology, vol. 16, no. 5, 1996, pp. 487–497. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199605)16:5<487::AID-JOC39>3.0.CO;2-J.

Qvarnström, Martin, et al. "Exceptionally Preserved Beetles in a Triassic Coprolite of Putative Dinosauriform Origin." Current Biology, vol. 31, no. 15, 2021, pp. 3374–3381.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.045.

Reichow, M. K., A. D. Saunders, R. V. White, A. I. Al'Mukhamedov, and A. Ya. Medvedev. "Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basalts from the West Siberia Basin: An Extension of the Permo-Triassic Siberian Traps, Russia." Lithos, vol. 79, 2005, pp. 425–452.

Reichow, M. K., et al. "The Timing and Extent of the Eruption of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province: Implications for the End-Permian Environmental Crisis." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 277, no. 1-2, 2009, pp. 9–20.

Romano, Marco, Fabio Manucci, Bruce Rubidge, and Marc J. Van den Brandt. "Volumetric Body Mass Estimate and In Vivo Reconstruction of the Russian Pareiasaur Scutosaurus karpinskii." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 9, 2021. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.692035.

Royer, D. "Climate Sensitivity in the Geological Past." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 44, 2016, pp. 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1146/annrev-earth-100815-024150.

Sahney, S., M. J. Benton, and H. J. Falcon-Lang. "Rainforest Collapse Triggered Pennsylvanian Tetrapod Diversification in Euramerica." Geology, vol. 38, no. 12, 2010, pp. 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1.

Saunders, A. D., R. W. England, M. K. Reichow, and R. V. White. "A Mantle Plume Origin for the Siberian Traps: Uplift and Extension in the West Siberian Basin, Russia." Lithos, vol. 79, 2005, pp. 407–424.

Schachat, Sandra R., and Conrad C. Labandeira. "Are Insects Heading Toward Their First Mass Extinction? Distinguishing Turnover from Crises in Their Fossil Record." Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 114, no. 2, 2021, pp. 99–118. doi:10.1093/aesa/saaa042.

Scotese, C. R., H. Song, B. J. W. Mills, and Douwe G. van der Meer. "Phanerozoic Paleotemperatures: The Earth’s Changing Climate during the Last 540 Million Years." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 215, 2021, article 103503. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103503.

Smith, Roger M. H., Jennifer Botha, and Pia A. Viglietti. "Taphonomy of Drought Afflicted Tetrapods in the Early Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 604, 2022, 111207. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111207.

Sullivan, C., R. R. Reisz, and R. M. H. Smith. "The Permian Mammal-Like Herbivore Diictodon, the Oldest Known Example of Sexually Dimorphic Armament." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 270, no. 1511, 2003, pp. 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2189.

Tiffany, Bruce H. "Land Plants as a Source of Food and Environment in the Age of Dinosaurs." The Complete Dinosaur, 2nd ed., edited by M. K. Brett-Surman, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., and James Farlow, Indiana University Press, 2012, pp. 569–588.

Trotter, A. J., S. I. Williams, A. Nicora, M. Mazza, and M. Rigo. "Long-Term Cycles of Triassic Climate Change: A New δ18O Record from Conodont Apatite." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 415, 2015, pp. 165–174.

Twitchett, R. J. "The Lilliput Effect in the Aftermath of the End-Permian Extinction Event." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 252, no. 1–2, 2007, pp. 132–144. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.038.

Veevers, J. J., P. J. Conaghan, and S. E. Shaw. "Turning Point in Pangean Environmental History at the Permian/Triassic (P/Tr) Boundary." Pangea: Paleoclimate, Tectonics, and Sedimentation during the Accretion, Zenith, and Breakup of a Supercontinent, edited by George D. Klein, Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol. 288, 1994, pp. 187–196.

White, T., and M. A. Kazlev. "Archosauromorpha: Overview." Palaeos.com, archived on 20 Dec. 2010, retrieved 6 Sept. 2012.

Wu, et al. "Volcanic CO₂ Degassing Postdates Thermogenic Carbon Emission During the End-Permian Mass Extinction." Science Advances, vol. 9, 15 Feb. 2023, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4082.

Chapter 2 - Journey Through the Desert

Chapter 2 References

Abdala, Fernando, and Leandro C. Gaetano. "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage." The Late Triassic World, edited by Lawrence H. Tanner, vol. 46, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 407–445. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11.

Asadieh, B., and N. Y. Krakauer. "Global Trends in Extreme Precipitation: Climate Models Versus Observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol. 19, 2015, pp. 877–891. doi:10.5194/hess-19-877-2015.

Bajdek, Piotr, et al. "Microbiota and Food Residues Including Possible Evidence of Pre-Mammalian Hair in Upper Permian Coprolites from Russia." Lethaia, vol. 49, no. 4, 2016, pp. 455–477.

Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 3rd ed., Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

Benton, Michael J., et al. "The Early Origin of Feathers." Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 34, no. 9, 2019, pp. 856–869. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018.

Bhatia, K., A. Baker, W. Yang, et al. "A Potential Explanation for the Global Increase in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification." Nature Communications, vol. 13, 2022, article 6626. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34321-6.

Blackburn, Terrence J., et al. "Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Links the End-Triassic Extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province." Science, vol. 340, 2013, pp. 941–945. doi:10.1126/science.1234204.

Bronzati, Mario, Rodrigo T. Müller, and Max C. Langer. "Skull Remains of the Dinosaur Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil): With Comments on the Early Evolution of Sauropodomorph Feeding Behaviour." PLOS ONE, vol. 14, no. 9, 6 Sept. 2019, e0221387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221387.

Chatterjee, S. "Postosuchus, a New Thecodontian Reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the Origin of Tyrannosaurs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, vol. 309, no. 1139, 1985, pp. 395–460. doi:10.1098/rstb.1985.0092.

"Climate in Arizona." US Climate Data, https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/arizona/united-states/3172. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Committee on the Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions. "Chapter: 4 Dust." Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions, 1985, pp. 20–21, figs. 4.2 and 4.3.

Corecco, Leonardo, Matthew J. Kohn, and Cesar L. Schultz. "Triassic Climate and the Rise of the Dinosaur Empire in South America." Journal of South American Earth Sciences, vol. 142, 15 Aug. 2024, article 104977. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2024.104977.

Dal Corso, J., P. Mietto, R. J. Newton, R. D. Pancost, N. Preto, G. Roghi, and P. B. Wignall. "Discovery of a Major Negative δ13C Spike in the Carnian (Late Triassic) Linked to the Eruption of Wrangellia Flood Basalts." Geology, vol. 40, 2012, pp. 79–82.

Dal Corso, J., M. Bernardi, Y. Sun, H. Song, L. J. Seyfullah, N. Preto, P. Gianolla, et al. "Extinction and Dawn of the Modern World in the Carnian (Late Triassic)." Science Advances, vol. 6, 2020, eaba0099. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0099.

Dececchi, T. Alexander, et al. "The Fast and the Frugal: Divergent Locomotory Strategies Drive Limb Lengthening in Theropod Dinosaurs." PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 5, 2020, e0223698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223698.

Dróżdż, Dawid. "Osteology of a Forelimb of an Aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) from the Krasiejów Locality in Poland and Its Probable Adaptations for a Scratch-Digging Behavior." PeerJ, vol. 6, 2 Oct. 2018, e5595. doi:10.7717/peerj.5595.

Erickson, Gregory M., Kristina Curry Rogers, and Scott A. Yerby. "Dinosaurian Growth Patterns and Rapid Avian Growth Rates." Nature, vol. 412, 26 July 2001, pp. 429–433.

Estes, Richard. "Cranial Anatomy of the Cynodont Reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus." Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 125, 1961, pp. 165–180.

Fastovsky, David E., and David B. Weishampel. Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History. Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1107276468.

Fiorillo, Anthony R., Kevin Padian, and Chayanin Musikasinthorn. "Taphonomy and Depositional Setting of the Placerias Quarry (Chinle Formation: Late Triassic, Arizona)." PALAIOS, vol. 15, no. 5, 2000, pp. 373–386. doi:10.2307/3515510.

Franklin, Benjamin. "Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures." Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1st series, vol. 2, 1785, pp. 357–361.

Fu, Xiugen, Jian Wang, Huaguo Wen, Zhongwei Wang, Shengqiang Zeng, Chunyan Song, Wenbin Chen, and Youli Wan. "A Possible Link Between the Carnian Pluvial Event, Global Carbon-Cycle Perturbation, and Volcanism: New Data from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Global and Planetary Change, vol. 194, 1 Nov. 2020, article 103300. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103300.

Grossnickle, David M., Stephanie M. Smith, and Gregory P. Wilson. "Untangling the Multiple Ecological Radiations of Early Mammals." Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 34, no. 10, Oct. 2019, pp. 936–949. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.008.

Hartman, Scott A., David M. Lovelace, Benjamin J. Linzmeier, Paul D. Mathewson, and Warren P. Porter. "Mechanistic Thermal Modeling of Late Triassic Terrestrial Amniotes Predicts Biogeographic Distribution." Diversity, vol. 14, no. 11, Nov. 2022, article 973. doi:10.3390/d14110973.

Holland, William J. "A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to That of Diplodocus carnegiei in the Carnegie Museum." The American Naturalist, vol. 44, no. 521, May 1910, pp. 259–283. doi:10.1086/279138.

Hughes, D. W. "The Approximate Ratios Between the Diameters of Terrestrial Impact Craters and the Causative Incident Bolides." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 338, 2003, pp. 999–1003.

"In 1991, It Was Pinatubo." Philippine Daily Inquirer, 17 Apr. 2010. Archived on 17 Apr. 2015.

Institute of Medicine (US) Steering Committee for the Symposium on the Medical Implications of Nuclear War, edited by F. Solomon and R. Q. Marston. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. National Academies Press (US), 1986. "Possible Fatalities from Superfires Following Nuclear Attacks in or Near Urban Areas." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219184/. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Judd, E. J., et al. "Science." Science, vol. 385, 2024, eadk3705. doi:10.1126/science.adk3705.

Kent, Dennis V., P. Santi Malnis, Claudia E. Colombi, Oscar A. Alcober, and Ricardo N. Martínez. "Age Constraints on the Dispersal of Dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from Magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 111, 2014, pp. 7958–7963. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402369111.

Kent, Dennis V., and Lars B. Clemmensen. "Northward Dispersal of Dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the Mid-Norian (215–212 Ma, Late Triassic) Dip in Atmospheric pCO₂." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 118, 2021, e2020778118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2020778118.

Kent, Dennis V., Paul E. Olsen, Huapei Wang, and Mohammed Et-Touhami. "Correlation of Sub-Centennial-Scale Pulses of Initial Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Lavas and the End-Triassic Extinctions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 121, no. 46, 28 Oct. 2024, e2415486121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2415486121.

Klotzbach, P. J., K. M. Wood, C. J. Schreck III, S. G. Bowen, C. M. Patricola, and M. M. Bell. "Trends in Global Tropical Cyclone Activity: 1990–2021." Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 49, 2022, e2021GL095774. doi:10.1029/2021GL095774.

Legendre, Lucas J., Guillaume Guénard, Jennifer Botha-Brink, and Jorge Cubo. "Palaeohistological Evidence for Ancestral High Metabolic Rate in Archosaurs." Systematic Biology, vol. 65, no. 6, Nov. 2016, pp. 989–996. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw033.

Liparini, A., and C. L. Schultz. "A Reconstruction of the Thigh Musculature of the Extinct Pseudosuchian Prestosuchus chiniquensis from the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone (Middle Triassic Epoch), Santa Maria 1 Sequence, Southern Brazil." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 379, no. 1, 2013, pp. 441–468. doi:10.1144/SP379.20.

Lovelace, David M., Aaron M. Kufner, Adam J. Fitch, Kristina Curry Rogers, Mark Schmitz, Darin M. Schwartz, Amanda LeClair-Diaz, Lynette St. Clair, Joshua Mann, and Reba Teran. "Rethinking Dinosaur Origins: Oldest Known Equatorial Dinosaur-Bearing Assemblage (Mid-Late Carnian Popo Agie FM, Wyoming, USA)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 203, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2025, article zlae153. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae153.

Mancuso, Adriana C., Cecilia A. Benavente, Randall B. Irmis, and Roland Mundil. "Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New Multiproxy Climate Records and Their Bearing on Early Dinosaur Diversification." Gondwana Research, vol. 86, 2020, pp. 104–125. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.009.

Martinez, Ricardo N., et al. "A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea." Science, vol. 331, 2011, pp. 206–210. doi:10.1126/science.1198467.

"Modeling the Ash Distribution of a Yellowstone Supereruption (2014)." U.S. Geological Survey, 2014, https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/modeling-ash-distribution-yellowstone-supereruption-2014. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Nesbitt, S. J., P. M. Barrett, S. Werning, C. A. Sidor, and A. J. Charig. "The Oldest Dinosaur? A Middle Triassic Dinosauriform from Tanzania." Biology Letters, vol. 9, no. 1, 2013, article 20120949. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949.

Oman, Luke, Alan Robock, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, and Thorvaldur Thordarson. "High-Latitude Eruptions Cast Shadow Over the African Monsoon and the Flow of the Nile." Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33, no. L18711, 30 Sept. 2006. doi:10.1029/2006GL027665.

Pacheco, Cristian, Rodrigo T. Müller, Max Langer, Flávio A. Pretto, Leonardo Kerber, and Sérgio Dias Da Silva. "Gnathovorax cabreirai: A New Early Dinosaur and the Origin and Initial Radiation of Predatory Dinosaurs." PeerJ, vol. 7, 2019, e7963. doi:10.7717/peerj.7963.

Palmer, Douglas, editor. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Marshall Editions, 1999, p. 95. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

Parker, D. E., H. Wilson, P. D. Jones, J. R. Christy, and C. K. Folland. "The Impact of Mount Pinatubo on Worldwide Temperatures." International Journal of Climatology, vol. 16, no. 5, 1996, pp. 487–497. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199605)16:5<487::AID-JOC39>3.0.CO;2-J.

Prochnow, Shane J., Lee C. Nordt, Stacy C. Atchley, and Michael R. Hudec. "Multi-Proxy Paleosol Evidence for Middle and Late Triassic Climate Trends in Eastern Utah." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 232, no. 1, 2006, pp. 53–72. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.08.011.

Qvarnström, M., J. Vikberg Wernström, Z. Wawrzyniak, et al. "Digestive Contents and Food Webs Record the Advent of Dinosaur Supremacy." Nature, vol. 636, 2024, pp. 397–403. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08265-4.

Rampino, Michael R. "Relationship Between Impact-Crater Size and Severity of Related Mass Extinction Episodes." In Press, 2020.

Reig, O. A. "La Presencia de Dinosaurios Saurisquios en los 'Estratos de Ischigualasto' (Mesotriásico Superior) de las Provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (República Argentina)." Ameghiniana, vol. 3, no. 1, 1963, pp. 3–20.

Tanner, L. H. "Climates of the Late Triassic: Perspectives, Proxies and Problems." The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition, edited by L. H. Tanner, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 59–90. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_3.

Thoroddsen, Thorvaldur, Frederick Y. Powell, and Sigfús Blöndal. "Iceland." Encyclopædia Britannica, edited by Hugh Chisholm, vol. 14, 11th ed., Cambridge University Press, 1911, p. 229.

Toon, O. B., J. B. Pollack, T. P. Ackerman, R. P. Turco, C. P. McKay, and M. S. Liu. "Evolution of an Impact-Generated Dust Cloud and Its Effects on the Atmosphere." Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth, Geological Society of America, 1 Jan. 1982, pp. 187–200.

Torices, Angelica, et al. "Puncture-and-Pull Biomechanics in the Teeth of Predatory Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs." Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 9, 2018, pp. 1467–1474.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.042.

Small, Bryan John. The Triassic Thecodontian Reptile Desmatosuchus: Osteology and Relationships. Master’s thesis, Texas Tech University, Dec. 1985. hdl:2346/19710.

Spray, J. Earth Impact Database (EID), 2020, http://passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New%20website_05-2018/Index.html. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Stocker, Michelle R. "A New Taxon of Phytosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (Norian) Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation) in Arizona, and a Critical Reevaluation of Leptosuchus Case, 1922." Palaeontology, vol. 53, no. 5, 2010, pp. 997–1022. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00983.x.

Stocker, M. R., and R. J. Butler. "Phytosauria." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 379, 2013, pp. 91–117. doi:10.1144/SP379.4 (if applicable, add the DOI).

Sulej, Tomasz, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. "An Elephant-Sized Late Triassic Synapsid with Erect Limbs." Science, vol. 363, no. 6422, 4 Jan. 2019, pp. 78–80. doi:10.1126/science.aal4853.

Sun, Y. D., P. B. Wignall, M. M. Joachimski, D. P. G. Bond, S. E. Grasby, X. L. Lai, L. N. Wang, Z. T. Zhang, and S. Sun. "Climate Warming, Euxinia and Carbon Isotope Perturbations During the Carnian (Triassic) Crisis in South China." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 444, 2016, pp. 88–100. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.037.

"Super Volcanoes." National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/-super-volcanoes.htm. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Upchurch, Paul, and Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza. "A Brief Review of Non-Avian Dinosaur Biogeography: State-of-the-Art and Prospectus." Biology Letters, vol. 20, 2024, article 20240429. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429.

"Volcano Seasons: Weather Reports from Northern Britain, 1783." PastPresented.info. Quotes reports from the Newcastle Courant and Cumberland Pacquet newspapers. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Weinbaum, J. C. "Postcranial Skeleton of Postosuchus kirkpatricki (Archosauria: Paracrocodylomorpha), from the Upper Triassic of the United States." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 379, no. 1, 2013, pp. 525–553. doi:10.1144/SP379.7.

Whiteside, Jessica H., Sofie Lindström, Randall B. Irmis, Ian J. Glasspool, Martin F. Schaller, Matthew Dunlavey, Sterling J. Nesbitt, Nathan D. Smith, and Alan H. Turner. "Extreme Ecosystem Instability Suppressed Tropical Dinosaur Dominance for 30 Million Years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 112, 2015, pp. 7909–7913. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505252112.

"When a Killer Cloud Hit Britain." BBC News, Jan. 2007. Accessed 31 May 2013.

Witton, Mark. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press, 2013.

Wood, C. A. "The Climatic Effects of the 1783 Laki Eruption." The Year Without a Summer?, edited by C. R. Harrington, Canadian Museum of Nature, 1992, pp. 58–77.

Zhang, Peixin, Minfang Yang, Jing Lu, Zhongfeng Jiang, Kai Zhou, Xiaotao Xu, Ye Wang, et al. "Floral Response to the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, 2023. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1199121. Accessed 16 Jan. 2025.

Chapter 3 - Manifest Destiny

Chapter 3 References

Alekhin, V. V. Geografiia Rastenii s Osnovani Botaniki (Geography of Plants and Basics of Botany). Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-Pedagogicheskoe Izdatel'stvo, 1961, p. 167.

Bates, Karl T., Philip David Mannion, Peter Lewis Falkingham, and Stephen L. Brusatte. "Temporal and Phylogenetic Evolution of the Sauropod Dinosaur Body Plan." Royal Society Open Science, vol. 3, Apr. 2016, article 150636. doi:10.1098/rsos.150636.

Benton, Michael J., et al. "The Early Origin of Feathers." Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 34, no. 9, 2019, pp. 856–869. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018.

Boyd, Clint A. "The Systematic Relationships and Biogeographic History of Ornithischian Dinosaurs." PeerJ, vol. 3, suppl., Dec. 2015, e1523. doi:10.7717/peerj.1523.

Breeden, Benjamin T., and Timothy B. Rowe. "New Specimens of Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona Elucidate the Early Evolution of Thyreophoran Dinosaurs." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 40, no. 4, 3 July 2020, e1791894. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894.

Campione, Nicolas E., et al. "Body mass estimation in non‐avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5.9 (2014): 913-923.

Cannell, Alan, Nigel Blamey, Uwe Brand, Ignacio Escapa, and Ross Large. "A Revised Sedimentary Pyrite Proxy for Atmospheric Oxygen in the Paleozoic: Evaluation for the Silurian–Devonian–Carboniferous Period and the Relationship of the Results to the Observed Biosphere Record." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 231, 1 Aug. 2022, article 104062. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104062.

Carpenter, Kenneth. "Forelimb Biomechanics of Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs in Predation." Senckenbergiana Lethaea, vol. 82, no. 1, 2002, pp. 59–76. doi:10.1007/BF03043773.

Carrano, Matthew T., and Scott D. Sampson. "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 6, no. 2, 1 Jan. 2008, pp. 183–236. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246.

Carrano, Matthew T., Roger B. J. Benson, and Scott D. Sampson. "The Phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 10, no. 2, 1 June 2012, pp. 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.

Chen, Bo, Michael M. Joachimski, Shu-zhong Shen, Lance L. Lambert, Xu-long Lai, Xiang-dong Wang, Jun Chen, and Dong-xun Yuan. "Permian Ice Volume and Palaeoclimate History: Oxygen Isotope Proxies Revisited." Gondwana Research, vol. 24, no. 1, 1 July 2013, pp. 77–89. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.007.

Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro, et al. "Early Jurassic Origin of Avian Endothermy and Thermophysiological Diversity in Dinosaurs." Current Biology, vol. 34, 3 June 2024, pp. 2517–2527. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051.

Choiniere, Jonah N., Simon Wills, S. Christopher Bennett, and Paul M. Barrett. "A Small Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Lias Group of Charmouth, Dorset." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, vol. 131, no. 6, 2020, pp. 751–757. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.08.003.

Davies, Neil S., Russell J. Garwood, William J. McMahon, Joerg W. Schneider, and Anthony P. Shillito. "The Largest Arthropod in Earth History: Insights from Newly Discovered Arthropleura Remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)." Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 179, no. 3, 21 Dec. 2021. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-115.

Dunne, E. M., A. Farnsworth, R. B. J. Benson, P. L. Godoy, S. E. Greene, P. J. Valdes, D. J. Lunt, and R. J. Butler. "Climatic Controls on the Ecological Ascendancy of Dinosaurs." Current Biology, vol. 33, 2023, pp. 206–214. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.064.

Erickson, Gregory M., Kristina Curry Rogers, and Scott A. Yerby. "Dinosaurian Growth Patterns and Rapid Avian Growth Rates." Nature, vol. 412, 26 July 2001, pp. 429–433.

Fendley, I. M., J. Frieling, T. A. Mather, et al. "Early Jurassic Large Igneous Province Carbon Emissions Constrained by Sedimentary Mercury." Nature Geoscience, vol. 17, 2024, pp. 241–248. doi:10.1038/s41561-024-01378-5.

Fraser, Nicholas C. "Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates." The Complete Dinosaur, 2nd ed., edited by M. K. Brett-Surman, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., James O. Farlow, and Bob Walters, Indiana University Press, 2012.

Fonseca, A. O., I. J. Reid, A. Venner, R. J. Duncan, M. S. Garcia, and R. T. Müller. "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis on Early Ornithischian Evolution." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 22, no. 1, 2024, article 2346577. doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346577.

Gow, C. E. "The Skull of Protosuchus haughtoni, an Early Jurassic Crocodyliform from Southern Africa." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 20, no. 1, 17 Apr. 2000, pp. 49–56. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0049:TSOPHA]2.0.CO;2.

Grossman, E. L. "Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy." The Geologic Time Scale 2012, edited by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz, and G. M. Ogg, vol. 1, Elsevier, 2012, pp. 181–206.

Hammer, W. R., and W. J. Hickerson. "A Crested Theropod Dinosaur from Antarctica." Science, vol. 264, no. 5160, 1994, pp. 828–830. doi:10.1126/science.264.5160.828.

Hendrickx, Christophe, Scott Hartman, and Octávio Mateus. "An Overview of Non-Avian Theropod Discoveries and Classification." PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, vol. 12, Jan. 2015, pp. 1–73.

Jourdan, F., G. Féraud, H. Bertrand, A. B. Kampunzu, G. Tshoso, M. K. Watkeys, and B. Le Gall. "Karoo Large Igneous Province: Brevity, Origin, and Relation to Mass Extinction Questioned by New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar Age Data." Geology, vol. 33, no. 9, 2005, pp. 745–748. doi:10.1130/G21632.1.

Judd, E. J., et al. "Science." Science, vol. 385, 2024, eadk3705. doi:10.1126/science.adk3705.

Korte, Christoph, Peter J. Jones, Uwe Brand, Dorothee Mertmann, and Ján Veizer. "Oxygen Isotope Values from High-Latitudes: Clues for Permian Sea-Surface Temperature Gradients and Late Palaeozoic Deglaciation." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 269, no. 1–2, 4 Nov. 2008, pp. 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.012.

Lee, Michael S. Y., et al. "Mammalian Evolution: A Jurassic Spark." Current Biology, vol. 25, no. 17, 2015, pp. R759–R761. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.048.

Lei, Roberto, Emanuel Tschopp, Christophe Hendrickx, Mathew J. Wedel, Mark Norell, and David W. E. Hone. "Bite and Tooth Marks on Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation." PeerJ, vol. 11, 14 Nov. 2023, e16327. doi:10.7717/peerj.16327.

Lhéritier, M., G. D. Edgecombe, R. J. Garwood, A. Buisson, A. Gerbe, N. Mongiardino Koch, J. Vannier, et al. "Head Anatomy and Phylogenomics Show the Carboniferous Giant Arthropleura Belonged to a Millipede-Centipede Group." Science Advances, vol. 10, no. 41, 2024, eadp6362. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp6362.

Lundvall, David, Richard Svanbäck, Lennart Persson, and Pär Byström. "Size-Dependent Predation in Piscivores: Interactions Between Predator Foraging and Prey Avoidance Abilities." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 56, no. 7, 1999, pp. 1285–1292. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-058.

Marsh, A. D., and T. B. Rowe. "A Comprehensive Anatomical and Phylogenetic Evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with Descriptions of New Specimens from the Kayenta Formation of Northern Arizona." Journal of Paleontology, vol. 94, suppl. S78, 2020, pp. 1–103. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.14.

Mills, B. J. W., C. M. Belcher, T. M. Lenton, et al. "A Modeling Case for High Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic." Geology, vol. 44, no. 12, 2016, pp. 1023–1026. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/G38579.1

NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. "About the Global Monitoring Laboratory." NOAA, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about.html. Accessed 2 Dec. 2024.

Paul, Gregory S. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, 1988, pp. 258, 267–271.

Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, 2010, p. 217.

Peyre de Fabrègues, C., R. Allain, and V. Barriel. "Root Causes of Phylogenetic Incongruence Observed Within Basal Sauropodomorph Interrelationships." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 175, no. 3, 2015, pp. 569–586. doi:10.1111/zoj.12290.

Portalier, Sébastien M. J., Gregor F. Fussmann, Michel Loreau, and Mehdi Cherif. "The Mechanics of Predator–Prey Interactions: First Principles of Physics Predict Predator–Prey Size Ratios." Functional Ecology, vol. 33, no. 2, Feb. 2019, pp. 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13254.

Sakamoto, Manabu. "Estimating Bite Force in Extinct Dinosaurs Using Phylogenetically Predicted Physiological Cross-Sectional Areas of Jaw Adductor Muscles." PeerJ, vol. 10, 2022, e13731. doi:10.7717/peerj.13731.

Salgado, L., R. A. Coria, and J. O. Calvo. "Evolution of Titanosaurid Sauropods. 1: Phylogenetic Analysis Based on the Postcranial Evidence." Ameghiniana, vol. 34, no. 1, 1997, pp. 3–32. ISSN 1851-8044.

Salgado, Leonardo, José I. Canudo, Alberto C. Garrido, Miguel Moreno-Azanza, Leandro C. A. Martínez, Rodolfo A. Coria, and José M. Gasca. "A New Primitive Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Jurassic of Patagonia with Gut Contents." Scientific Reports, vol. 7, 2017, article 42778. doi:10.1038/srep42778.

Sanders, F., K. Manley, and K. Carpenter. "Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous Sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae." Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie, edited by Darren Tanke and Ken Carpenter, Indiana University Press, 2001, pp. 166–180. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.

Selden, Paul A., José A. Corronca, and Mario A. Hünicken. "The True Identity of the Supposed Giant Fossil Spider Megarachne – 4. Discussion." Biology Letters, vol. 1, no. 1, 22 Mar. 2005, pp. 44–48. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0272.

Senter, Phil. "Forelimb function in Ornitholestes hermanni Osborn (Dinosauria, Theropoda)." Palaeontology 49.5 (2006): 1029-1034.

Sereno, Paul C., Jeffrey A. Wilson, Lawrence M. Witmer, Jeffrey A. Whitlock, Abdoulaye Maga, Oumarou Ide, and Timothy A. Rowe. "Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur." PLOS ONE, vol. 2, no. 11, 2007, e1230. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230.

Stevens, Kent A., and J. Michael Parrish. "Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs." Science, vol. 284, no. 5415, 1999, pp. 798–800. doi:10.1126/science.284.5415.798.

Stevens, K. A. "The Articulation of Sauropod Necks: Methodology and Mythology." PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 10, 2013, e78572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078572.

Taylor, Paul D., and David N. Lewis. Fossil Invertebrates. Repeated ed., Harvard University Press, 2007, p. 160. ISBN 978-0674025745.

Tweet, Justin S., Karen Chin, Dennis R. Braman, and Nate L. Murphy. "Probable Gut Contents Within a Specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana." PALAIOS, vol. 23, no. 9/10, 2008, pp. 624–635. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-044r.

Wedel, M. J. "Evidence for Bird-Like Air Sacs in Saurischian Dinosaurs." Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol. 311A, 2009, pp. 1–18. doi:10.1002/jez.513.

Wellnhofer, Peter. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. 1991. Reprint, New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1996, p. 69. ISBN 0-7607-0154-7.

Williams, B A et al. “Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health.” Nutrition research reviews vol. 14,2 (2001): 207-28. doi:10.1079/NRR200127

Xu, Chi, Timothy A. Kohler, Timothy M. Lenton, Jens-Christian Svenning, and Marten Scheffer. "Future of the Human Climate Niche." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 117, no. 21, 26 May 2020, pp. 11350–11355. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910114117.

Yates, A. M. "Solving a Dinosaurian Puzzle: The Identity of Aliwalia rex Galton." Historical Biology, vol. 19, no. 1, 2007, pp. 93–123. doi:10.1080/08912960600866953.

Zhang, Q., L. Jia, T. Wang, Y. Zhang, and H. You. "The Largest Sauropodomorph Skull from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of China." PeerJ, vol. 12, 2024, e18629. doi:10.7717/peerj.18629.

Chapter 4 - Empires Arise

Chapter 4 References

Barrett, Paul M. "Tooth Wear and Possible Jaw Action of Scelidosaurus harrisoni, and a Review of Feeding Mechanisms in Other Thyreophoran Dinosaurs." The Armored Dinosaurs, edited by Kenneth Carpenter, Indiana University Press, 2001, pp. 25–52.

Barrett, Paul M., and Paul Upchurch. "Feeding Mechanisms of Diplodocus." Gaia, vol. 10, 1994, pp. 195–204.

Benson, Roger B. J. "A Description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the Relationships of Middle Jurassic Theropods." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 158, no. 4, 2010, pp. 882–935. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x.

Brusatte, Stephen L., et al. "Sauropod Dinosaur Trackways in a Middle Jurassic Lagoon on the Isle of Skye, Scotland." Scottish Journal of Geology, vol. 52, no. 1, 2016, pp. 1–9.

Carrano, Matthew T., Roger B. J. Benson, and Scott D. Sampson. "The Phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 10, no. 2, 2012, pp. 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.

Carpenter, Kenneth. "Ankylosauria." The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, edited by Philip J. Currie and Kevin Padian, University of California Press, 1997, pp. 16–17.

Carpenter, Kenneth. "Armor of Stegosaurus stenops, and the Taphonomic History of a New Specimen from Garden Park, Colorado." Modern Geology, vol. 23, 1998, pp. 127–144.

Carpenter, Kenneth, Frank Sanders, Lisa McWhinney, and Larrin Wood. "Evidence for Predator-Prey Relationships: Examples for Allosaurus and Stegosaurus." The Carnivorous Dinosaurs, edited by Kenneth Carpenter, Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 325–350.

Church, John A., et al. "Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century." Surveys in Geophysics, vol. 38, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1–19. Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9385-6.

Chure, Daniel J. "Prey Bone Utilization by Predatory Dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic of North America, with Comments on Prey Bone Use by Dinosaurs Throughout the Mesozoic." Gaia, vol. 15, 2000, pp. 227–232.

D’Emic, Michael D., Jeffrey A. Whitlock, Katherine M. Smith, Daniel C. Fisher, and Jeffrey A. Wilson. "Evolution of High Tooth Replacement Rates in Sauropod Dinosaurs." PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, 2013, e69235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069235.

Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 4th ed., John Murray, 1866.

Dececchi, T. Alexander, Anna M. Mloszewska, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., Michael B. Habib, and Hans C. E. Larsson. "The Fast and the Frugal: Divergent Locomotory Strategies Drive Limb Lengthening in Theropod Dinosaurs." PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 5, 2020, e0223698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223698.

Dodson, Peter. "Sauropod Paleoecology." The Dinosauria, 1st ed., edited by David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska, University of California Press, 1990.

Drumheller, Stephanie K., Joseph B. McHugh, Matthew Kane, Alicia Riedel, and David C. D’Amore. "Correction: High Frequencies of Theropod Bite Marks Provide Evidence for Feeding, Scavenging, and Possible Cannibalism in a Stressed Late Jurassic Ecosystem." PLOS ONE, vol. 19, no. 12, 2024, e0315198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315198.

Erickson, Gregory M., Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Zhonghe Zhou, Alan H. Turner, Brian D. Inouye, Dongyu Hu, and Mark A. Norell. "Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in Archaeopteryx." PLOS ONE, vol. 4, no. 10, 2009, e7390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390.

European Environment Agency. “Sea Level Rise.” European Climate and Health Observatory, 2023, https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/indicators/sea-level-rise-1.

Fastovsky, David E., and David B. Weishampel. Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History. Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-511-47789-8.

Farlow, James O., D. Coroian, Philip J. Currie, John R. Foster, Jordan C. Mallon, and François Therrien. "‘Dragons’ on the Landscape: Modeling the Abundance of Large Carnivorous Dinosaurs of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (USA) and the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Canada)." The Anatomical Record, vol. 306, no. 7, 2022, pp. 1669–1696. doi:10.1002/ar.25024.

Foster, John R. "Camptosaurus dispar." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World, Indiana University Press, 2007, pp. 219–221.

Garner, Andra J., et al. "Impact of Climate Change on New York City’s Coastal Flood Hazard: Increasing Flood Heights from the Preindustrial to 2300 CE." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 114, no. 45, 2017, pp. 11861–11866. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703568114.

Galton, Peter M., and Paul Upchurch. "Stegosauria." The Dinosauria, 2nd ed., edited by David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska, University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.

Gilmore, Charles W. "Osteology of the Armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with Special Reference to the Genus Stegosaurus." Bulletin of the United States National Museum, no. 89, 1914, pp. 1–143. hdl:10088/30429.

Hugonnet, Romain, et al. "Accelerated Global Glacier Mass Loss in the Early Twenty-First Century." Nature, vol. 592, 2021, pp. 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z.

Hunt, Adrian P., and Robert D. Scheetz. "Ankylosaur (Dinosauria) Specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation." The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: An Interdisciplinary Study, Denver Museum of Natural History, 1998, vol. 22, pp. 145–177.

IMBIE Team. "Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017." Nature, vol. 558, no. 7709, 2018, pp. 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y.

IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by V. Masson-Delmotte et al., Cambridge University Press, 2021. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.

Mateus, Octávio. "Jurassic Dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation (USA), the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): A Comparison." Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, edited by John R. Foster and Spencer G. Lucas, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, no. 36, 2006, pp. 223–231.

Nerem, R. Steven, et al. "Climate-Change–Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no. 9, 2018, pp. 2022–2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717312115.

NOAA. “Climate Change: Global Sea Level.” Climate.gov, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2023, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level.

Ősi, Attila, Edina Prondvai, Jordan Mallon, and Emese Réka Bodor. "Diversity and Convergences in the Evolution of Feeding Adaptations in Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)." Historical Biology, vol. 29, no. 4, 2016, pp. 539–570. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1208194.

Paul, Gregory S. "Determining the Largest Known Land Animal: A Critical Comparison of Differing Methods for Restoring the Volume and Mass of Extinct Animals." Annals of the Carnegie Museum, vol. 85, no. 4, 2019, pp. 335–358. doi:10.2992/007.085.0403. S2CID 210840060.

Porter, Warren R., and Lawrence M. Witmer. "Vascular Patterns in the Heads of Dinosaurs: Evidence for Blood Vessels, Sites of Thermal Exchange, and Their Role in Physiological Thermoregulatory Strategies." The Anatomical Record, vol. 303, no. 4, 2020, pp. 1075–1103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24234.

Prasad, Vandana, Caroline A. E. Strömberg, Habib Alimohammadian, and Ashok Sahni. "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers." Science, vol. 310, no. 5751, 2005, pp. 1177–1180. doi:10.1126/science.1118806.

Rauhut, Oliver W. M., Angela C. Milner, and Susan Moore-Fay. "Cranial Osteology and Phylogenetic Position of the Theropod Dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 158, 2010, pp. 155–195. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x.

Reichel, Miriam. "A Model for the Bite Mechanics in the Herbivorous Dinosaur Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Stegosauridae)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences, vol. 103, no. 2, 2010, pp. 235–240. doi:10.1007/s00015-010-0025-1.

Revan, Alexander. Reconstructing an Icon: Historical Significance of the Peabody’s Mounted Skeleton of Stegosaurus and the Changes Necessary to Make It Correct Anatomically. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 2011.

Russell, Dale A., and Zheng Zhong. "A Large Mamenchisaurid from the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 30, 1993, pp. 2082–2095.

Sakamoto, Manabu. "Estimating Bite Force in Extinct Dinosaurs Using Phylogenetically Predicted Physiological Cross-Sectional Areas of Jaw Adductor Muscles." PeerJ, vol. 10, 2022, e13731. doi:10.7717/peerj.13731.

Scotese, Christopher R., He Wang, B. J. W. Mills, and others. "Phanerozoic Paleotemperatures: The Earth’s Changing Climate during the Last 540 Million Years." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 215, 2021, 103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503.

Stevens, Kent A., and J. Michael Parrish. "Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs." Science, vol. 284, no. 5415, 1999, pp. 798–800. doi:10.1126/science.284.5415.798.

Stevens, Kent A., and J. Michael Parrish. "Neck Posture, Dentition and Feeding Strategies in Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs." Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs, edited by Kenneth Carpenter and Virginia Tidwell, Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 212–232.

Upchurch, Paul, and Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza. "A Brief Review of Non-Avian Dinosaur Biogeography: State-of-the-Art and Prospectus." Biology Letters, vol. 20, 2024, article 20240429. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429.

Upchurch, Paul, and John Martin. "The Anatomy and Taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia, Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 23, no. 1, 2003, pp. 208–231. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[208:TAATOC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 55360032.

Upchurch, Paul, and Paul M. Barrett. "The Evolution of Sauropod Feeding Mechanism." Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates, edited by Hans-Dieter Sues, Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-59449-3.

Valdes, Paul J., Christopher R. Scotese, and Daniel J. Lunt. "Deep Ocean Temperatures through Time." Climate of the Past, vol. 17, 2021, pp. 1483–1506. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1483-2021.

Weishampel, David B. "Interactions Between Mesozoic Plants and Vertebrates: Fructifications and Seed Predation." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, vol. 167, no. 2, Jan. 1984, pp. 224–250. doi:10.1127/njgpa/167/1984/224.

Wills, Simon, Charlie J. Underwood, and Paul M. Barrett. "A Hidden Diversity of Ornithischian Dinosaurs: U.K. Middle Jurassic Microvertebrate Faunas Shed Light on a Poorly Represented Period." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 43, no. 5, 2023. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2323646.

Witmer, Lawrence. “Inside the Oldest Bird Brain.” Nature, vol. 430, 2004, pp. 619–620, https://doi.org/10.1038/430619a.

Young, Mark T., Emily J. Rayfield, Casey M. Holliday, Lawrence M. Witmer, David J. Button, Paul Upchurch, and Paul M. Barrett. "Cranial Biomechanics of Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): Testing Hypotheses of Feeding Behavior in an Extinct Megaherbivore." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 99, no. 8, 2012, pp. 637–643. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0944-y.

Chapter 5 - Reflections in the Past

Chapter 5 References

"A Tooth of Fukuiraptor aff. F. kitadaniensis from the Lower Cretaceous Sebayashi Formation, Sanchu Cretaceous, Japan: 東京学芸大学リポジトリ." Tokyo Gakugei University Repository, ir.u-gakugei.ac.jp.

Alcorn, Rachel Christine, Jorge Feliciano Ontiveros-Cuadras, Anjaly Govindankutty Menon, et al. "Nonlinear Expansion of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone During the Last Deglaciation." ESS Open Archive, 23 Jan. 2025, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.173765742.20874664/v1.

Amiot, R., X. Wang, Z. Zhou, X. Xiaolin Wang, E. Buffetaut, C. Lécuyer, Z. Ding, F. Fluteau, T. Hibino, N. Kusuhashi, J. Mo, V. Suteethorn, Y. Yuanqing Wang, X. Xu, and F. Zhang. "Oxygen Isotopes of East Asian Dinosaurs Reveal Exceptionally Cold Early Cretaceous Climates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 13, 2011, pp. 5179–5183, doi:10.1073/pnas.1011369108.

Bell, Phil R., Andrea Cau, Federico Fanti, and Elizabeth T. Smith. "A Large-Clawed Theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia and the Gondwanan Origin of Megaraptorid Theropods." Gondwana Research, vol. 36, Aug. 2016, pp. 473–487. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.08.004.

Benson, Rodger. "A Description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the Relationships of Middle Jurassic Theropods." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 158, no. 4, 2010, pp. 882–935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x.

Benson, Roger B. J., and Jonah N. Choiniere. "Rates of Dinosaur Limb Evolution Provide Evidence for Exceptional Radiation in Mesozoic Birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 280, 2013, article 20131780, doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1780.

Benson, Roger B. J., Nicolás E. Campione, Matthew T. Carrano, Philip D. Mannion, Corwin Sullivan, Paul Upchurch, and David C. Evans. "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage." PLOS Biology, vol. 12, no. 5, 6 May 2014, e1001853. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853.

Brown, Caleb M., et al. "Dietary Palaeoecology of an Early Cretaceous Armoured Dinosaur (Ornithischia; Nodosauridae) Based on Floral Analysis of Stomach Contents." Royal Society Open Science, vol. 7, no. 6, 2020, p. 200305. doi:10.1098/rsos.200305.

Campione, Nicolás E., and David C. Evans. "The Accuracy and Precision of Body Mass Estimation in Non-Avian Dinosaurs." Biological Reviews, vol. 95, no. 6, 2020, pp. 1759–1797. doi:10.1111/brv.12638.

Canale, J. I., et al. "New Giant Carnivorous Dinosaur Reveals Convergent Evolutionary Trends in Theropod Arm Reduction." Current Biology, vol. 32, no. 14, 7 July 2022, pp. 3195–3202.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057.

Carlson, Jane E., Christopher A. Adams, and Kent E. Holsinger. "Intraspecific Variation in Stomatal Traits, Leaf Traits and Physiology Reflects Adaptation along Aridity Gradients in a South African Shrub." Annals of Botany, vol. 117, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv146.

Ceballos, Gerardo, et al. "Accelerated Modern Human–Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction." Science Advances, vol. 1, no. 5, 2015, e1400253, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253.

Charig, A. J., and A. C. Milner. "Baryonyx, a Remarkable New Theropod Dinosaur." Nature, vol. 324, no. 6095, 1986, pp. 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/324359a0.

Choumiline, Konstantin, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Andrew B. Gray, Steven M. Bates, and Timothy W. Lyons. "Scenarios of Deoxygenation of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific During the Past Millennium as a Window into the Future of Oxygen Minimum Zones." Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 7, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00237.

Chiappe, Luis M., and Gareth J. Dyke. "The Mesozoic Radiation of Birds." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol. 33, 2002, pp. 91–124. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150517.

Chiappe, Luis M., et al. "A New Specimen of the Early Cretaceous Bird Hongshanornis longicresta: Insights into the Aerodynamics and Diet of a Basal Ornithuromorph." PeerJ, vol. 2, 2014, e234, doi:10.7717/peerj.234.

Coria, Rodolfo A., and Philip J. Currie. "A New Carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina." Geodiversitas, vol. 28, no. 1, 2006, pp. 71–118.

Currie, P. J., and Y. Azuma. "New Specimens, Including a Growth Series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan." Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, vol. 22, no. 1, 2006, pp. 173–193.

Currie, Philip J., and Kenneth Carpenter. "A New Specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA." Geodiversitas, vol. 22, no. 2, 2000, pp. 207–246. Archived from the original on 14 Nov. 2007.

Dalsätt, Johan, et al. "Food Remains in Confuciusornis sanctus Suggest a Fish Diet." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 93, no. 9, 2006, pp. 444–446, doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0125-y.

Dececchi, Thomas A., Anna M. Mloszewska, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., Michael B. Habib, and Hans C.E. Larsson. "The Fast and the Frugal: Divergent Locomotory Strategies Drive Limb Lengthening in Theropod Dinosaurs." PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 5, 2020, e0223698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223698.

Ditkovsky, S., Laure Resplandy, and Julius Busecke. "Unique Ocean Circulation Pathways Reshape the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone with Warming." Biogeosciences, vol. 20, 2023, pp. 4711–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023.

Dodson, Peter, et al. "Euhelopus." The Age of Dinosaurs, Publications International, LTD., p. 70, ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.

Duncan, R. A., and J. Huard. "Trace Metal Anomalies and Global Anoxia: The OJP-Selli Hydrothermal Plume Connection." EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol. 78, 1997, p. F774.

Eddy, D. R., and J. A. Clarke. "New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)." PLOS ONE, vol. 6, no. 3, 2011, e17932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017932.

Elzanowski, Andrzej, D. Stefan Peters, and Gerald Mayr. "Cranial Morphology of the Early Cretaceous Bird." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 2, 2018, article e1439832, doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1439832.

Erba, E., R. A. Duncan, C. Bottini, D. Tiraboschi, H. Weissert, H. C. Jenkyns, and A. Malinverno. "Environmental Consequences of Ontong Java Plateau and Kerguelen Plateau Volcanism." The Origin, Evolution, and Environmental Impact of Oceanic Large Igneous Provinces, edited by C. R. Neal et al., Geological Society of America Special Paper 511, 2015, pp. 271–303, doi:10.1130/2015.2511(15).

Field, Daniel J., et al. "Early Evolution of Modern Birds Structured by Global Forest Collapse at the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction." Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 11, 2018, pp. 1825–1831.e2.

Frakes, L. A., J. E. Francis, and J. I. Syktus. Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic. Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Herrle, J. O., C. J. Schröder-Adams, W. Davis, A. T. Pugh, J. M. Galloway, and J. Fath. "Mid-Cretaceous High Arctic Stratigraphy, Climate, and Oceanic Anoxic Events." Geology, vol. 43, no. 5, 2015, pp. 403–406.

Hou, Lianhai, Luis M. Chiappe, Fucheng Zhang, and Cheng-Ming Chuong. "New Early Cretaceous Fossil from China Documents a Novel Trophic Specialization for Mesozoic Birds." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 91, no. 1, 2004, pp. 22–25. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0489-1. PMC 4382005. PMID 14740099.

Jenkyns, H. C., L. Schouten-Huibers, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté. "Warm Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous High-Latitude Sea-Surface Temperatures from the Southern Ocean." Climate of the Past, vol. 8, 2012, pp. 215–226, doi:10.5194/cp-8-215-2012.

Ji, Qiang, Philip J. Currie, Mark A. Norell, and Shu-An Ji. "Two Feathered Dinosaurs from Northeastern China." Nature, vol. 393, no. 6687, 1998, pp. 753–761. doi:10.1038/31635.

Ji, Qiang, Mark A. Norell, Peter J. Makovicky, Ke-Qin Gao, Shu'An Ji, and Chongxi Yuan. "An Early Ostrich Dinosaur and Implications for Ornithomimosaur Phylogeny." American Museum Novitates, no. 3420, 2003, p. 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)420<0001:AEODAI>2.0.CO;2.

Jones, C. E., and H. C. Jenkyns. "Seawater Strontium Isotopes, Oceanic Anoxic Events, and Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous." American Journal of Science, vol. 301, 2001, pp. 112–149.

Judd, E. J., et al. "A 485-Million-Year History of Earth’s Surface Temperature." Science, vol. 385, 2024, eadk3705. doi:10.1126/science.adk3705.

Larson, R. L. "Geological Consequences of Superplumes." Geology, vol. 19, 1991, pp. 963–966.

Larson, R. L., and E. Erba. "Onset of the Mid-Cretaceous Greenhouse in the Barremian-Aptian: Igneous Events and Biological, Sedimentary, and Geochemical Responses." Paleoceanography, vol. 14, 1999, pp. 663–678.

Lautenschlager, Stephan. "Morphological and Functional Diversity in Therizinosaur Claws and the Implications for Theropod Claw Evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 281, no. 1785, 2014, article 20140497. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0497.

Liu, Jinyan, Zhisong Cui, Xiao Luan, Zongling Wang, and Xuelei Zhang. "Expanding Oxygen Minimum Zones in the Northern Indian Ocean Predicted by Hypoxia-Related Bacteria." Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 11, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1396306.

Mantell, Gideon A. "Notice on the Iguanodon, a Newly Discovered Fossil Reptile, from the Sandstone of Tilgate Forest, in Sussex." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 115, 1825, pp. 179–186, doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0010.

Miyashita, Takayoshi, Victoria M. Arbour, Lawrence M. Witmer, and Philip J. Currie. "The Internal Cranial Morphology of an Armoured Dinosaur Euoplocephalus Corroborated by X-ray Computed Tomographic Reconstruction." Journal of Anatomy, vol. 219, no. 6, 2011, pp. 661–75. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01427.x. PMC 3237876. PMID 21954840.

Münchinger, I., Hajek, P., Akdogan, B., et al. "Leaf Thermal Tolerance and Sensitivity of Temperate Tree Species Are Correlated with Leaf Physiological and Functional Drought Resistance Traits." Journal of Forestry Research, vol. 34, 2023, pp. 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01594-y.

Naumov, Lev, H. E. Markus Meier, and Thomas Neumann. "Dynamics of Oxygen Sources and Sinks in the Baltic Sea under Different Nutrient Inputs." Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 10, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1233324.

Nevo, Eviatar. "‘Evolution Canyon,’ a Potential Microscale Monitor of Global Warming Across Life." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 8, 2012, pp. 2960–65. doi:10.1073/pnas.1120633109.

NOAA. "NOAA and Partners Announce Below-Average Dead Zone Measured in Gulf of Mexico." NOAA News, 2024, https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/noaa-and-partners-announce-below-average-dead-zone-measured-in-gulf-of-mexico.

O’Brien, C. L., S. A. Robinson, R. D. Pancost, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, S. Schouten, D. J. Lunt, H. Alsenz, A. Bornemann, C. Bottini, S. C. Brassell, A. Farnsworth, A. Forster, B. T. Huber, G. N. Inglis, H. C. Jenkyns, C. Linnert, K. Littler, P. Markwick, A. McAnena, J. Mutterlose, B. D. A. Naafs, W. Püttmann, A. Sluijs, N. A. G. M. van Helmond, J. Vellekoop, T. Wagner, and N. E. Wrobel. "Cretaceous Sea-Surface Temperature Evolution: Constraints for TEX₈₆ and Planktonic Foraminiferal Oxygen Isotopes." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 172, 2017, pp. 224–247, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.012.

O’Connor, Patrick M., and Leon P.A.M. Claessens. "Basic Avian Pulmonary Design and Flow-Through Ventilation in Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs." Nature, vol. 436, no. 7048, 2006, pp. 253–256. doi:10.1038/nature03716.

Ortega, F., F. Escaso, and J. L. Sanz. "A Bizarre, Humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain." Nature, vol. 467, no. 7312, 2010, pp. 203–206. doi:10.1038/nature09181.

PAGES 2k Consortium, Neukom, R., Barboza, L. A., Erb, M. P., Shi, F., Emile-Geay, J., Evans, M. N., Franke, J., Kaufman, D. S., Lücke, L., Rehfeld, K., Schurer, A., Zhu, F., Brönnimann, S., Hakim, G. J., Henley, B. J., Ljungqvist, F. C., McKay, N., Valler, V., and von Gunten, L. “Consistent Multi-Decadal Variability in Global Temperature Reconstructions and Simulations over the Common Era.” Nature Geoscience, vol. 12, no. 8, 2019, pp. 643–649, doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0. PMID 31372180, PMCID PMC6675609.

Paul, Gregory S. "The Brachiosaur Giants of the Morrison and Tendaguru with a Description of a New Subgenus, Giraffatitan, and a Comparison of the World's Largest Dinosaurs." Hunteria, vol. 2, no. 3, 1988.

Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, 2010

Pucéat, E., C. Lécuyer, S. M. Sheppard, G. Dromart, S. Reboulet, and P. Grandjean. "Thermal Evolution of Cretaceous Tethyan Marine Waters Inferred from Oxygen Isotope Composition of Fish Tooth Enamels." Paleoceanography, vol. 18, 2003, article 1029, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000823.

Rantanen, M., A. Y. Karpechko, A. Lipponen, et al. "The Arctic Has Warmed Nearly Four Times Faster than the Globe since 1979." Communications Earth & Environment, vol. 3, 2022, article 168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3.

Rich, T. H., P. M. Galton, and P. Vickers-Rich. "The Holotype Individual of the Ornithopod Dinosaur Leaellynasaura amicagraphica Rich & Rich, 1989 (Late Early Cretaceous, Victoria, Australia)." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, vol. 34, no. 3, 2010, pp. 385–396. doi:10.1080/03115518.2010.489404.

Rolando, Alexis M. A., Matias J. Motta, Federico L. Agnolín, Makoto Manabe, Takanobu Tsuihiji, and Fernando E. Novas. "A Large Megaraptoridae (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Patagonia, Argentina." Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, 26 Apr. 2022, Article no. 6318. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09272-z.

Scotese, C. R., Song, H., Mills, B. J. W., et al. "Phanerozoic Paleotemperatures: The Earth’s Changing Climate during the Last 540 Million Years." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 215, 2021, 103503.

Sereno, Paul C., et al. "A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of Spinosaurids." Science, vol. 282, no. 5392, 1998, pp. 1298–1302. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1298.

Sereno, Paul C., and Stephen L. Brusatte. "Basal Abelisaurid and Carcharodontosaurid Theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, vol. 53, no. 1, 2008, pp. 15–46. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0102.

Seton, M., R. D. Müller, S. Zahirovic, C. Gaina, T. Torsvik, G. Shephard, A. Talsma, M. Gurnis, S. Maus, and M. Chandler. "Global Continental and Ocean Basin Reconstructions Since 200 Ma." Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 113, no. 3, 2012, pp. 212–270. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002.

Silva Junior, Julian C. G., Felipe C. Montefeltro, Thiago S. Marinho, Agustín G. Martinelli, and Max C. Langer. “Finite Elements Analysis Suggests a Defensive Role for Osteoderms in Titanosaur Dinosaurs (Sauropoda).” Cretaceous Research, vol. 129, 1 Jan. 2022, p. 105031. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105031.

Vickaryous, Maryanska K., Teresa Maryanska, and David B. Weishampel. "Ankylosauria." The Dinosauria, 2nd ed., edited by David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 363–392.

White, Matt A., Phil R. Bell, Alex G. Cook, Stephen F. Poropat, and David A. Elliott. "The Dentary of Australovenator wintonensis (Theropoda, Megaraptoridae); Implications for Megaraptorid Dentition." PeerJ, vol. 3, 15 Dec. 2015, e1512. doi:10.7717/peerj.1512.

Woodward, H. N., T. H. Rich, A. Chinsamy, and P. Vickers-Rich. "Growth Dynamics of Australia’s Polar Dinosaurs." PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 8, 2011, e23339, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023339.

Yun, C.-gyu. "Evaluation of the Paleoecology of Megaraptora (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Using Biomechanical Approaches." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2024, pp. 223–234. https://doi.org/10.7203/sjp.29797.

Xu, Xing, Zhi-Lu Tang, and Xiao-Lin Wang. "A Therizinosauroid Dinosaur with Integumentary Structures from China." Nature, vol. 399, no. 6734, 1999, pp. 350–354. doi:10.1038/20670.

Xu, X., K. Wang, K. Zhang, Q. Ma, L. Xing, C. Sullivan, D. Hu, S. Cheng, S. Wang, et al. "A Gigantic Feathered Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China." Nature, vol. 484, no. 7392, 2012, pp. 92–95, doi:10.1038/nature10906.

Chapter 6 - Pax Dinosauria

Chapter 6 References

Achard, F., et al. "Determination of Tropical Deforestation Rates and Related Carbon Losses from 1990 to 2010." Global Change Biology, vol. 20, 2014, pp. 2540–2554. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12605.

Alvarez, Luis W., Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen V. Michel. "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction." Science, vol. 208, no. 4448, 1980, pp. 1095–1107. doi:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095.

Alvarez, Walter. T. Rex and the Crater of Doom. Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-13103-0.

Bates, Kyle T., and Peter L. Falkingham. "Estimating Maximum Bite Performance in Tyrannosaurus rex Using Multi-Body Dynamics." Biology Letters, vol. 8, no. 4, 29 Feb. 2012, pp. 660–664. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0056.

Bellardini, Flavio, et al. "Side by Side with Titans: A New Rebbachisaurid Dinosaur from the Huincul Formation (Upper Cenomanian) of Patagonia, Argentina." Cretaceous Research, in press, 2025, article 106188, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106188.

Benton, Michael J., et al. "Dinosaurs and the Island Rule: The Dwarfed Dinosaurs from Haţeg Island." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 293, no. 3–4, 28 Jan. 2010, pp. 438–454. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.026.

Bonaparte, José F. "A Horned Cretaceous Carnosaur from Patagonia." National Geographic Research, vol. 1, no. 1, 1985, pp. 149–151.

Broeckhoven, Chris, P. L. le Fras N. Mouton, and Cang Hui. “Proximate Causes of Variation in Dermal Armour: Insights from Armadillo Lizards.” Oikos, vol. 127, no. 10, Oct. 2018, pp. 1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.05401.

Bryant, Edward. Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Springer, June 2014, p. 178. ISBN 978-3-319-06133-7.

Buffetaut, Eric, and Jean Le Loeuff. "A New Giant Ground Bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France." Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 155, no. 1, 1998, pp. 1–4, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0001.

Buffetaut, Éric, Dan Grigorescu, and Zoltán Csiki. "A New Giant Pterosaur with a Robust Skull from the Latest Cretaceous of Romania." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 89, no. 4, 2002, pp. 180–184. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0307-1.

Buffetaut, E., Tong, H., Girard, J., Hoyez, B., and Párraga, J. “Caletodraco cottardi: A New Furileusaurian Abelisaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian Chalk of Normandy (North-Western France).” Fossil Studies, vol. 2, no. 3, 2024, pp. 177–195. doi:10.3390/fossils2030009.

Bunzel, Emanuel. "Die Reptilfauna der Gosaformation in der Neuen Welt bei Wiener-Neustadt." Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, vol. 5, 1871, pp. 1–18. PDF file.

Campione, Nicolás E., David C. Evans, Caleb M. Brown, and Matthew T. Carrano. "Body Mass Estimation in Non-Avian Bipeds Using a Theoretical Conversion to Quadruped Stylopodial Proportions." Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 5, no. 9, 2014, pp. 913–923, doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12226.

Campione, Nicolás E., and David C. Evans. "The Accuracy and Precision of Body Mass Estimation in Non-Avian Dinosaurs." Biological Reviews, vol. 95, no. 6, 2020, pp. 1759–1797. doi:10.1111/brv.12638.

Canale, J. I., C. A. Scanferla, F. Agnolin, and F. E. Novas. "New Carnivorous Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the Evolution of Abelisaurid Theropods." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 96, no. 3, 2009, pp. 409–414. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0487-4. PMID 19057888.

Canale, Juan I., et al. "New Giant Carnivorous Dinosaur Reveals Convergent Evolutionary Trends in Theropod Arm Reduction." Current Biology, vol. 32, no. 14, July 2022, pp. 3195–3202.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057.

Carrano, Matthew T. “Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic.” The Complete Dinosauria, edited by M. K. Brett-Surman, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., James O. Farlow, and Bob Walters, 2nd ed., Indiana University Press, 2012.

Cerroni, M. A., Matias J. Motta, Federico L. Agnolín, Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando, Federico Brissón Egli, and Fernando E. Novas. "A New Abelisaurid from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian; Upper Cretaceous) of Río Negro Province, Argentina." Journal of South American Earth Sciences, vol. 98, 2020, p. 102445. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102445.

“Chicxulub Impact Event: Regional Effects.” Lunar and Planetary Institute, https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/epo_web/chicxulub/regional_effects.html.

Chure, Daniel, et al. "First Complete Sauropod Dinosaur Skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the Evolution of Sauropod Dentition." Naturwissenschaften, vol. 97, no. 4, 2010, pp. 379–391. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6.

Clarke, Julia A. "Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae)." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 286, 2004, pp. 1–179, doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2.

Colbert, Edwin H. "Evolution of the Horned Dinosaurs." Evolution, vol. 2, no. 2, 1 June 1948, pp. 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1948.tb02737.x.

Coria, Rodolfo A., and Philip J. Currie. "A New Carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina." Geodiversitas, vol. 28, no. 1, 2006, pp. 71–118. PDF file. ISSN 1280-9659.

Dececchi, T. Alexander, et al. "The Fast and the Frugal: Divergent Locomotory Strategies Drive Limb Lengthening in Theropod Dinosaurs." PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 5, 13 May 2020, e0223698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223698.

DePalma, Robert A., David A. Burnham, Larry D. Martin, Philip L. Larson, and Robert T. Bakker. "The First Giant Raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation." Paleontological Contributions, no. 14, 2015, doi:10.17161/paleo.1808.18764. hdl:1808/18764.

Díez Díaz, V., Mannion, P. D., Csiki-Sava, Z., and Upchurch, P. “Revision of Romanian Sauropod Dinosaurs Reveals High Titanosaur Diversity and Body-Size Disparity on the Latest Cretaceous Haţeg Island, with Implications for Titanosaurian Biogeography.” Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 23, no. 1, 2025, article 2441516, doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2441516.

Dyke, Gareth J., et al. "Europe’s Last Mesozoic Bird." Die Naturwissenschaften, vol. 89, no. 9, 2002, pp. 408–411. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0352-9.

Erickson, Gregory M., et al. "Gigantism and Comparative Life-History Parameters of Tyrannosaurid Dinosaurs." Nature, vol. 430, no. 7001, 2004, pp. 772–775, doi:10.1038/nature02699.

Evans, Alexander R., et al. "The Maximum Rate of Mammal Evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 11, 30 Jan. 2012, pp. 4187–4190. doi:10.1073/pnas.1120774109.

Evans, David C. "Nasal Cavity Homologies and Cranial Crest Function in Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs." Paleobiology, vol. 32, no. 1, 2006, pp. 109–125. doi:10.1666/04027.1. S2CID 198152630.

Field, Daniel J., Juan Benito, Albert Chen, John W. M. Jagt, and Daniel T. Ksepka. "Late Cretaceous Neornithine from Europe Illuminates the Origins of Crown Birds." Nature, vol. 579, no. 7799, 18 Mar. 2020, pp. 397–401. doi:10.1038/S41586-020-2096-0.

Fowler, Denver W., and Robert M. Sullivan. "The First Giant Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of North America." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, vol. 56, no. 4, 2011, p. 685, doi:10.4202/app.2010.0105.

Goto, Kazuhisa, Ryuji Tada, Eiichi Tajika, et al. "Evidence for Ocean Water Invasion into the Chicxulub Crater at the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary." Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 39, no. 8, 2004, pp. 1233–1247. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00943.x.

Henderson, Donald M., and Robert Nicholls. “Balance and Strength—Estimating the Maximum Prey-Lifting Potential of the Large Predatory Dinosaur Carcharodontosaurus saharicus.” The Anatomical Record, vol. 298, no. 8, 2015, pp. 1367–1375. doi:10.1002/ar.23164.

Hildebrand, A. R., et al. "Chicxulub Crater: A Possible Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Impact Crater on the Yucutan Peninsula, Mexico." Geology, vol. 19, 1991, pp. 867–871.

Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. "Theropod Guild Structure and the Tyrannosaurid Niche Assimilation Hypothesis: Implications for Predatory Dinosaur Macroecology and Ontogeny in Later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 58, no. 9, 2021, pp. 778–795. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174.

Hong, Sung Kyung, and Yong Il Lee. "Evaluation of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations during the Cretaceous." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 327–328, 2012, pp. 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.014.

Horner, John R., and Kevin Padian. "Age and Growth Dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex." Proceedings: Biological Sciences, vol. 271, no. 1551, 2004, pp. 1875–1880. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2829.

“Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact.” Science News, 20 Dec. 2018.

Ibrahim, Nizar, et al. “Semiaquatic Adaptations in a Giant Predatory Dinosaur.” Science, vol. 345, no. 6204, 26 Sept. 2014, pp. 1613–1616. doi:10.1126/science.1258750.

Jasinski, Steven E., Robert M. Sullivan, and Peter Dodson. "New Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from New Mexico and Biodiversity of Dromaeosaurids at the End of the Cretaceous." Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 5105, 2020, article 5105, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61480-7.

Kirkland, James I. "A New Hadrosaurid from the Upper Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian-Cenomanian: Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah – the Oldest Known Hadrosaurid (Lambeosaurine?)." Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by Spencer G. Lucas, James I. Kirkland, and John W. Estep, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, vol. 14, 1998, pp. 283–295.

Laurance, William F. "Habitat Destruction: Death by a Thousand Cuts." Conservation Biology for All, edited by Navjot S. Sodhi and Paul R. Ehrlich, Oxford University Press, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0005.

Lewis, Simon L., et al. "Increasing Human Dominance of Tropical Forests." Science, vol. 349, no. 6250, 2015, pp. 827–832. doi:10.1126/science.aaa9932.

Liu, Wanli, Jing Yang, Yu Meng, Danyang Wu, Luoxin Cui, Teng Li, Baojun Sun, and Peng Liu. "The Divergent Effects of Moderate Climate Warming on the Gut Microbiota and Energetic State of Cold-Climate Lizards from Open and Semi-Closed Microhabitats." Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 13, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050750.

Loewen, Mark A., et al. “Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans.” PLOS ONE, vol. 8, no. 11, 2013, e79420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420.

Loewen, Mark A., Joseph J. W. Sertich, Scott Sampson, Jingmai K. O’Connor, Savhannah Carpenter, Brock Sisson, Anna Øhlenschlæger, Andrew A. Farke, Peter J. Makovicky, Nick Longrich, and David C. Evans. "Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana Reveals Rapid Regional Radiations and Extreme Endemism within Centrosaurine Dinosaurs." PeerJ, vol. 12, 20 June 2024, e17224, doi:10.7717/peerj.17224. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 11193970. PMID 38912046.

Longrich, N. R., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Bardet, N., and Jalil, N.-E. “A New Small Duckbilled Dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Morocco and Dinosaur Diversity in the Late Maastrichtian of North Africa.” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, 2024, article 3665. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53447-9.

Matsui, T., F. Imamura, E. Tajika, Y. Nakano, and Y. Fujisawa. "Generation and Propagation of a Tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Impact Event." Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 356, 2002, pp. 69–77. Archived from the original on 20 Oct. 2021.

McGhee, George R., et al. "A New Ecological-Severity Ranking of Major Phanerozoic Biodiversity Crises." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 370, 2013, pp. 260–270.

Mead, A., G. Funston, and S. Brusatte. "Forelimb Reduction and Digit Loss Were Evolutionarily Decoupled in Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaurs." Royal Society Open Science, vol. 12, 2025, article 242114, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.242114.

Mo, Jin-You, Qiong-Yao Fu, Yi-Lun Yu, and Xing Xu. "A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China." Historical Biology, vol. 36, no. 11, 2023, pp. 2443–2457. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413.

Molina-Perez, Rubén, and Asier Larramendi. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. Princeton University Press, 2020, p. 267.

Moriya, Kazuyoshi. “Development of the Cretaceous Greenhouse Climate and the Oceanic Thermal Structure.” Paleontological Research, vol. 15, no. 2, 2011, pp. 77–88. The Palaeontological Society of Japan, https://doi.org/10.2517/1342-8144-15.2.077.

Motta, Matías J., Federico L. Agnolín, Federico Brissón Egli, and Fernando E. Novas. "New Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia Sheds Light on the Paravian Radiation in Gondwana." The Science of Nature, vol. 107, no. 3, 2020, article 24, doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01682-1.

Nopcsa, Franz. "Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenbürgen (Schädel von Limnosaurus transsylvanicus nov. gen. et spec.)." Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, vol. 68, 1900, pp. 555–591.

Nopcsa, F. "Die Dinosaurier der siebenburgischen Landesteile Ungarns." Ungarische Geologische Reichsanstalt, vol. 23, 1915, pp. 1–26.

O’Connor, Patrick M., Alan H. Turner, James R. Groenke, et al. "Late Cretaceous Bird from Madagascar Reveals Unique Development of Beaks." Nature, 2020, doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2945-x.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield. "Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 35, 1917, pp. 733–771. PDF file.

Pascual, Rosendo, Francisco J. Goin, Pablo González, Alberto Ardolino, and Pablo F. Puerta. "A Highly Derived Docodont from the Patagonian Late Cretaceous: Evolutionary Implications for Gondwanan Mammals." Geodiversitas, vol. 22, no. 3, 2000, pp. 395–414. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021.

Paul, Gregory S. Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9.

Paul, Gregory S. "Determining the Largest Known Land Animal: A Critical Comparison of Differing Methods for Restoring the Volume and Mass of Extinct Animals." Annals of the Carnegie Museum, vol. 85, no. 4, 2019, pp. 335–358. PDF file, doi:10.2992/007.085.0403.

Pérez-Moreno, A., L. Salgado, J. L. Carballido, A. Otero, and D. Pol. "A New Titanosaur from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina." Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, vol. 37, no. 4, 2024, pp. 792–811. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2332997.

Pol, Diego, Mattia Antonio Baiano, David Černý, Fernando Novas, Ignacio A. Cerda, and Michael Pittman. "A New Abelisaurid Dinosaur from the End Cretaceous of Patagonia and Evolutionary Rates among the Ceratosauria." Cladistics, vol. 40, no. 3, 21 May 2024, pp. 307–356, doi:10.1111/cla.12583. PMID 38771085.

Range, Molly M., Brian K. Arbic, Brandon C. Johnson, et al. "The Chicxulub Impact Produced a Powerful Global Tsunami." AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 14 Dec. 2018, agu.confex.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020.

Rauhut, O. W. M., Germán Cladera, Patricia Vickers-Rich, and Thomas H. Rich. "Dinosaur Remains from the Lower Cretaceous of the Chubut Group, Argentina." Cretaceous Research, vol. 24, no. 5, 2003, pp. 487–497. doi:10.1016/S0195-6671(03)00067-3.

Richards, Mark A., et al. "Triggering of the Largest Deccan Eruptions by the Chicxulub Impact." GSA Bulletin, vol. 127, no. 11–12, Nov. 2015, pp. 1507–1520. doi:10.1130/B31167.1.

Schulte, Peter, et al. "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary." Science, vol. 327, no. 5970, 2010, pp. 1214–1218. doi:10.1126/science.1177265.

Scotese, C. R., Song, H., Mills, B. J. W., et al. “Phanerozoic Paleotemperatures: The Earth’s Changing Climate during the Last 540 Million Years.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 215, 2021, p. 103503, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103503. ISSN 0012-8252.

Sears, Michael W., Eric A. Riddell, Travis W. Rusch, and Michael J. Angilletta. "The World Still Is Not Flat: Lessons Learned from Organismal Interactions with Environmental Heterogeneity in Terrestrial Environments." Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 59, no. 4, Oct. 2019, pp. 1049–1058. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz130.

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. "Patterns of Phanerozoic Extinction: A Perspective from Global Data Bases." Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic, edited by O. H. Walliser, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 35–51.

Simón, M. E., and L. Salgado. "A New Gigantic Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)." Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 2023, doi:10.4202/app.01086.2023.

Souza, Jr., C. M., et al. "Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon." Remote Sensing, vol. 5, no. 11, 2013, pp. 5493–5513, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5115493.

Spicer, Robert A., and Richard M. Corfield. “A Review of Terrestrial and Marine Climates in the Cretaceous with Implications for Modelling the ‘Greenhouse Earth.’” Geological Magazine, vol. 129, no. 2, 1992, pp. 169–180. Web.

Stromer, Ernst. “Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîjestufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen.” Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. Neue Folge, vol. 9, 1931, pp. 1–31. Translated by Matthew Carrano.

Upchurch, Paul, and Alessandro A. Chiarenza. "A Brief Review of Non-Avian Dinosaur Biogeography: State-of-the-Art and Prospectus." Biology Letters, vol. 20, 2024, article 20240429, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429.

van der Meer, D. G., et al. “Plate Tectonic Controls on Atmospheric CO2 Levels Since the Triassic.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 12, 2014, pp. 4380–4385, doi:10.1073/pnas.1315657111.

Varricchio, David J., and Luis M. Chiappe. "A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 15, no. 1, 14 Mar. 1995, pp. 201–204.

Varricchio, David J., and Frankie D. Jackson. "Reproduction in Mesozoic Birds and Evolution of the Modern Avian Reproductive Mode." The Auk, vol. 133, no. 4, 2016, pp. 654–684.

Vellekoop, J., A. Sluijs, J. Smit, S. Schouten, J. W. H. Weijers, J. Sinninghe Damsté, and H. Brinkhuis. “Rapid Short-Term Cooling Following the Chicxulub Impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 21, 2014, pp. 7537–7541.

Vellekoop, J., Esmeraysenlet, S., Miller, K. G., Browning, J. V., Sluijs, A., De Schootbrugge, B. V., Damsté, J. S. S., and Brinkhuis, H. “Evidence for Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary Bolide ‘Impact Winter’ Conditions from New Jersey, USA.” Geology, vol. 44, no. 8, 2016, pp. 619–622.

Voris, Jared T., et al. "A New Mongolian Tyrannosauroid and the Evolution of Eutyrannosauria." Nature, 11 June 2025, doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08964-6.

Weishampel, David B. "Acoustic Analysis of Vocalization of Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia)." Paleobiology, vol. 7, no. 2, 1981, pp. 252–261. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004036. JSTOR 2400478. S2CID 89109302.

Why Is the Amazon So Important for Climate Change? Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-the-amazon-so-important-for-climate-change1/. Accessed 14 July 2025.

Xing, Xu, et al. "A Gigantic Feathered Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China." Nature, vol. 484, no. 7392, 5 Apr. 2012, pp. 92–95. doi:10.1038/nature10906.

Yang, Wen, et al. “Natural Flexible Dermal Armor.” Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), vol. 25, no. 1, 2013, pp. 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202713.

Zanno, Lindsay E., and Peter J. Makovicky. "Neovenatorid Theropods Are Apex Predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America." Nature Communications, vol. 4, 2013, article 2827, doi:10.1038/ncomms3827.

Zanno, Lindsay E., Ryan T. Tucker, Aurore Canoville, Haviv M. Avrahami, Terry A. Gates, and Peter J. Makovicky. "Diminutive Fleet-Footed Tyrannosauroid Narrows the 70-Million-Year Gap in the North American Fossil Record." Communications Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, Feb. 2019, p. 64, doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0308-7.

Ziegler, A. M., Rowley, D. B., Lottes, A. L., Sahagian, D. L., Hulver, and Gierlowski, T. C. “Paleogeographic Interpretation: With an Example from the Mid-Cretaceous.” Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 385–425.

Surviving Climate & Chaos References

Chapter 1 - The End of the World

Chapter 1 References

Chapter 2 - Journey Through the Desert

Chapter 2 References

Chapter 3 - Manifest Destiny

Chapter 3 References

Chapter 4 - Empires Arise

Chapter 4 References

Chapter 5 - Reflections in the Past

Chapter 5 References

Chapter 6 - Pax Dinosauria

Chapter 6 References

Conclusion - Altered Place

Conclusion References

Data Collected

Join Our Free Trial